A Cross

Philippians 2:8
8  And being found in appearance as a man,
  he humbled himself
  by becoming obedient to death—
   even death on a cross!

     We are able to stand before God in new life because of this gift of sacrifice by our Lord. He became like us that we might become like Him.  He models life that leads to life.  It is when we put God first and obey His word that we are found in appearance as a child of God.  We are able to share this gift in the Holy Spirit and with others.  We are becoming obedient to life -even to life in the presence of God.
     Christ learned obedience so that we might learn obedience.    He hung on a cross that we would be able to cross over into His kingdom.

Exploring Holiness--Philippians

Analysis

The Greek words used in Philippians in which we will be studying are as follows:

ἅγιος: 1. as adjective pertaining to being dedicated or consecrated to the service of God

1. in the cultic sense dedicated to God, holy, sacred, i.e. reserved for God and God’s service:

ἁγιασμός: personal dedication to the interests of the deity, holiness, consecration, sanctification. Kittle: sanctifying, i.e. a process.

ἁγιωσύνη: Holiness.  Kittle: “This rare word, formed from the adjective ἅγιος by extension of the o to ω after a short syllable as an abstract term of quality, in the same way as δικαιοσύνη is formed from δίκαιος, is not found in pre-biblical Greek.  It means ‘sanctification’ or ‘holiness’ rather than ‘sanctifying’, but as a quality rather than a state.”

ἁγιάζω: 1.  set aside something or make it suitable for ritual purposes, consecrate, dedicate of things.  2. include a person in the inner circle of what is holy, in both cultic and moral associations of the word, consecrate, dedicate, sanctify.  3. to treat as holy, reverence.  4. to eliminate that which is incompatible with holiness, purify

ὁσιότης: state of proper attitude toward God as exhibited in action, devoutness, piety, holiness.”

Passages where Paul calls the Philippians “holy ones”.

Philippians 1:1 Paul and Timothy, servants of Christ Jesus, To all God’s holy people ἁγίοις in Christ Jesus at Philippi, together with the overseers and deacons: 2 Grace and peace to you from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

Philippians 4:21 Greet all God’s people ἅγιον in Christ Jesus. The brothers and sisters who are with me send greetings.  22 All God’s people ἅγιοι here send you greetings, especially those who belong to Caesar’s household. 

This passage speaks of “holy ones” outside of Philippi.  That latter one speaks of the Romans where Paul is held prisoner.

Inferred Holiness Passages:

We don’t have any passages in Philippians where Paul uses our “holiness” words, but we do have “inferred holiness” throughout.  This letter was written while Paul was in prison in Rome.  He was executed some time later.  He was suffering and knew that he may die for the cause.  This letter expresses Paul’s being torn between departing to be with Christ, or staying and helping the Lord’s people. In this case, it is the Philippians that he wants to help.

Philippians 1:9 And this is my prayer: that your love may abound more and more in knowledge and depth of insight, 10 so that you may be able to discern what is best and may be pure and blameless for the day of Christ, 11 filled with the fruit of righteousness that comes through Jesus Christ—to the glory and praise of God. 

This is a little different from what we’ve seen in the past, but has been inferred throughout.  It was stated in pasts studies that a person can’t make themselves holy, they can only do “righteous acts” and stand in the way of the Spirit’s refining process by doing impure acts.  Here though, Paul states that even the fruit of righteousness comes from Jesus.  Therefore, it is the Spirit in us that causes us to do the righteous things that we do.

Philippians 1:27 Whatever happens, conduct yourselves in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ. Then, whether I come and see you or only hear about you in my absence, I will know that you stand firm in the one Spirit, striving together as one for the faith of the gospel 28 without being frightened in any way by those who oppose you. This is a sign to them that they will be destroyed, but that you will be saved—and that by God.  29 For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him,  30 since you are going through the same struggle you saw I had, and now hear that I still have. 

Prior to this passage, Paul has spoken of his possible upcoming death.  He says that he has the courage to face whatever happens to him.  He struggles with what he prefers; death to be with Jesus, or life so that he can spread the Gospel more.  This is what leads up to our current passage.

Paul uses his suffering as an example to the Philippians.  They should “stand firm” without being scared of what may happen to them.  This “standing firm” is a sign that the ones who oppose them (persecute them) will get their due in the end while the Philippians will be delivered from such wrath.  So, why are they suffering?  It is because God “grace-gifts” it to Christians to suffer just like Jesus did and to suffer for Jesus.  χαρίζομαι is the cognate verb of χάρις (grace).  Here is means “to give freely as a favor” or “give graciously”.  Therefore, standing up against opposition may cause suffering, but it is a “gift” that has been given.  In this passage, to stand firm as the body of Christ is a true “sign” that the "body" will be delivered in the end, and that unbelievers, the ones who are doing the persecuting, will face God’s wrath.  If one is a Christian, then suffering is the norm.

Philippians 2:1 Therefore if you have any encouragement from being united with Christ, if any comfort from his love, if any common sharing in the Spirit, if any tenderness and compassion, 2 then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and of one mind.  3 Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves, 4 not looking to your own interests but each of you to the interests of the others.

5 In your relationships with one another, have the same mindset as Christ Jesus:

Who, being in very nature God,

did not consider equality with God something to be used to his own advantage; 

7 rather, he made himself nothing

by taking the very nature of a servant,

being made in human likeness.

8 And being found in appearance as a man,

he humbled himself

by becoming obedient to death—

even death on a cross!

9 Therefore God exalted him to the highest place

and gave him the name that is above every name,

10 that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow,

in heaven and on earth and under the earth,

11 and every tongue acknowledge that Jesus Christ is Lord,

to the glory of God the Father. 

Some scholars call this passage “the most significant passage about Jesus in the New Testament”!  It truly is!  Although most people start their quoting of the passage in the middle of verse 5.  If we examine the passage in context, we will see that the purpose of this statement is for Christians to have a pattern to follow.  Paul told the Philippians to “put others’ interest above their own".  He then qualifies that with “In your relationships with one another”.  In other words, we should put the interests of our fellow Christians above our own, especially when it comes to helping people.

Once the context is read in full, then the statement that Paul makes about Jesus is clear.  He didn’t take advantage of his equal-ness with God.  He became lowly flesh and died on a cross for all mankind!  As a result, God exalts him to the highest place to be over everything, and “grace-gifts” (χαρίζομαι: the same verb Paul uses in 1:29) the name that is above every name to him.  That would be the divine name Yahweh!  It is at that moment that Jesus becomes the one to bow a knee to and every mouth will confess that “The Lord (Yahweh) is Jesus the Anointed”.

Philippians 2:12 Therefore, my dear friends, as you have always obeyed—not only in my presence, but now much more in my absence—continue to work out your salvation with fear and trembling, 13 for it is God who works in you to will and to act in order to fulfill his good purpose.

14 Do everything without grumbling or arguing,  15 so that you may become blameless and pure, “children of God without fault in a warped and crooked generation.” Then you will shine among them like stars in the sky 16 as you hold firmly to the word of life. And then I will be able to boast on the day of Christ that I did not run or labor in vain. 17 But even if I am being poured out like a drink offering on the sacrifice and service coming from your faith, I am glad and rejoice with all of you. 18 So you too should be glad and rejoice with me.

With Paul’s use of ὥστε (therefore), he continues the theme through verse 18.  He says to “continue to work out your salvation with fear and trembling”.  In the context, this has to do with how we treat each other!  Of course, the main clause that everyone is interested in is:

μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου τὴν ἑαυτῶν σωτηρίαν κατεργάζεσθε·

“You” work out your own salvation/deliverance with fear and trembling.

Of course, the statement is a plural one and it towards the congregation at Philippi as a whole, not as individuals.  So, is it possible for people to be able to “work out their own salvation”?  The context is still that of starting with 1:27 to the present!  It is to stand first in spite of persecution and it is based upon who we treat each other!  It is not that we can accomplish our own salvation, but it is how we go about our daily lives as “saved” people and how we are to obey (Fee, NICNT, 235).  The context of the passage makes this clear.  What we do in our devotion to the Lord should be done out of our obedience to him.  Therefore, “Work out you own salvation with fear and trembling” = “Obeying” as children of God are supposed to!  Don’t fail due to persecution!  Don’t put your interests above your fellow Christians’ interests.  Just as Jesus was obedient, suffered, and then died for others by putting their interest above his own, the Philippians are to follow that example!  And they should do so without complaining about it!  By doing this, they φαίνεσθε ὡς φωστῆρες ἐν κόσμῳ (shine/appear as lights/stars in the world) among the “crooked and perverted generation”, the pagans!

Therefore, the example is not only to be seen before our God, but also before the one’s who oppose us!  If we cannot treat each other properly, we are not acting like “delivered” people should act!

Philippians 3:1 Further, my brothers and sisters, rejoice in the Lord! It is no trouble for me to write the same things to you again, and it is a safeguard for you.  2 Watch out for those dogs, those evildoers, those mutilators of the flesh.

The context about Chapter 3 is around Jewish "Christians" who may come to Philippi and preach that the Philippians must keep the Jewish law in order to complete their salvation (see study on Galatians).  Paul calls such people “dogs”.  These are the very people that Paul says should be “cursed” in Galatians 1:6-9.  Paul goes into detail about his former life and that all of his accomplishments where nothing but garbage now.  As before, Paul puts Judaism in the same boat as paganism.  The Philippians should watch out for such people who tried to make them keep the Jewish law.

Philippians 4:4 Rejoice in the Lord always. I will say it again: Rejoice! 5 Let your gentleness be evident to all. The Lord is near. 6 Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. 7 And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. 

8 Finally, brothers and sisters, whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is admirable—if anything is excellent or praiseworthy—think about such things.  9 Whatever you have learned or received or heard from me, or seen in me—put it into practice. And the God of peace will be with you. 

Paul wraps up how Christians are to be in their practice of being devoted to God.  Suffering will come, as well as false teachers, but those things can’t stand in the way of the Holy Spirit’s refining process in our lives.

Final Thoughts:

What would you give for your fellow brother or sister?  Would you really put their interests above your own?

Exploring Holiness--Ephesians

Analysis

The Greek words used in Ephesians in which we will be studying are as follows:

ἅγιος: 1. as adjective pertaining to being dedicated or consecrated to the service of God

1. in the cultic sense dedicated to God, holy, sacred, i.e. reserved for God and God’s service:

ἁγιασμός: personal dedication to the interests of the deity, holiness, consecration, sanctification. Kittle: sanctifying, i.e. a process.

ἁγιωσύνη: Holiness.  Kittle: “This rare word, formed from the adjective ἅγιος by extension of the o to ω after a short syllable as an abstract term of quality, in the same way as δικαιοσύνη is formed from δίκαιος, is not found in pre-biblical Greek.  It means ‘sanctification’ or ‘holiness’ rather than ‘sanctifying’, but as a quality rather than a state.”

ἁγιάζω: 1.  set aside something or make it suitable for ritual purposes, consecrate, dedicate of things.  2. include a person in the inner circle of what is holy, in both cultic and moral associations of the word, consecrate, dedicate, sanctify.  3. to treat as holy, reverence.  4. to eliminate that which is incompatible with holiness, purify

In Ephesians, we will introduce this word although it is not so much like the rest as this is what one does as opposed to what God does:

ὁσιότης: state of proper attitude toward God as exhibited in action, devoutness, piety, holiness.”

Passages where Paul calls the Ephesians “holy ones”.

For the first time in this study, we’ll comment a little more on Paul’s use of ἅγιος.

Ephesians 1:1 Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God, To God’s holy people ἁγίοις in Ephesus, the faithful in Christ Jesus: 2 Grace and peace to you from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

Ephesians 1:15 For this reason, ever since I heard about your faith in the Lord Jesus and your love for all God’s people ἁγίους, 16 I have not stopped giving thanks for you, remembering you in my prayers.

Ephesians 1:18 I pray that the eyes of your heart may be enlightened in order that you may know the hope to which he has called you, the riches of his glorious inheritance in his holy people ἁγίοις,

Ephesians 2:19 Consequently, you are no longer foreigners and strangers, but fellow citizens with God’s people ἁγίων and also members of his household,

In this context, Jews are the “holy ones”.  More below.

Ephesians 3:7 I became a servant of this gospel by the gift of God’s grace given me through the working of his power. 8 Although I am less than the least of all the Lord’s people ἁγίων, this grace was given me: to preach to the Gentiles the boundless riches of Christ,

In 1 Corinthians 15:9 Paul says:

9 Ἐγὼ γάρ εἰμι ὁ ἐλάχιστος τῶν ἀποστόλων ὃς οὐκ εἰμὶ ἱκανὸς καλεῖσθαι ἀπόστολος, διότι ἐδίωξα τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τοῦ θεοῦ·

9 For I am the least of the apostles, who is not able to be called an apostles, because I persecuted the assembly of God. (My translation)

Here, Paul goes beyond that to say Ἐμοὶ τῷ ἐλαχιστοτέρῳ πάντων ἁγίων ἐδόθη ἡ χάρις αὕτη (This grace was given to me, the least of all the holy ones)  My translation.

Not only does Paul see himself as the “least” of the Apostles, he also sees himself as the “least” of all of the “holy ones”.  He gives no reason for this, but we can assume that he is referring to the time when he persecuted the Church.

Ephesians 3:17b And I pray that you, being rooted and established in love,  18 may have power, together with all the Lord’s holy people ἁγίοις, to grasp how wide and long and high and deep is the love of Christ,  19 and to know this love that surpasses knowledge—that you may be filled to the measure of all the fullness of God.

Ephesians 4:11 So Christ himself gave the apostles, the prophets, the evangelists, the pastors and teachers, 12 to equip his people ἁγίων for works of service, so that the body of Christ may be built up.

Who are the “holy ones” that are equipped for the works of service?  All of the Lord’s people!

Ephesians 5:3 But among you there must not be even a hint of sexual immorality, or of any kind of impurity, or of greed, because these are improper for God’s holy people ἁγίοις.

We will speak more on this verse below in the holiness section.

Ephesians 6:18 And pray in the Spirit on all occasions with all kinds of prayers and requests. With this in mind, be alert and always keep on praying for all the Lord’s people ἁγίων.

Passages on the Holy Spirit:

Ephesians 4:30 And do not grieve the Holy ἅγιον Spirit of God, with whom you were sealed for the day of redemption.

We will discuss this more below in the holiness section.

Holiness Passages:

Ephesians 1:3 Praise be to the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who has blessed us in the heavenly realms with every spiritual blessing in Christ.  4 For he chose us in him before the creation of the world to be holy ἁγίους and blameless in his sight. In love 5 he predestined us for adoption to sonship through Jesus Christ, in accordance with his pleasure and will—  6 to the praise of his glorious grace, which he has freely given us in the One he loves. 7 In him we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of sins, in accordance with the riches of God’s grace 8 that he lavished on us. With all wisdom and understanding, 9 he made known to us the mystery of his will according to his good pleasure, which he purposed in Christ, 10 to be put into effect when the times reach their fulfillment—to bring unity to all things in heaven and on earth under Christ.

To grasp the full meaning of this passage, one must look to 5:25-27.  We will cover this below.

Ephesians 2:19 Consequently, you are no longer foreigners and strangers, but fellow citizens with God’s people ἁγίων and also members of his household, 20 built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, with Christ Jesus himself as the chief cornerstone. 21 In him the whole building is joined together and rises to become a holy ἅγιον temple in the Lord.  22 And in him you too are being built together to become a dwelling in which God lives by his Spirit.

The context is how through Jesus, the Gentiles have become “the Lord’s people” along with “the Jews”.  In this case, it was the Jewish law that was brought to a end because it was a barrier between the Jews and Gentiles.  Since the “foundation” here is the apostles and prophets, with Jesus the chief cornerstone, Paul can only be referring to the “New Covenant” people as opposed to the Jews of the “law”.  The imagery is that people become the holy temple together!

Ephesians 4:17 So I tell you this, and insist on it in the Lord, that you must no longer live as the Gentiles do, in the futility of their thinking. 18 They are darkened in their understanding and separated from the life of God because of the ignorance that is in them due to the hardening of their hearts. 19 Having lost all sensitivity, they have given themselves over to sensuality so as to indulge in every kind of impurity, and they are full of greed. 

Ephesians 4:20 That, however, is not the way of life you learned 21 when you heard about Christ and were taught in him in accordance with the truth that is in Jesus.  22 You were taught, with regard to your former way of life, to put off your old self, which is being corrupted by its deceitful desires; 23 to be made new in the attitude of your minds; 24 and to put on the new self, created to be like God in true righteousness and holiness ὁσιότητι.

25 Therefore each of you must put off falsehood and speak truthfully to your neighbor, for we are all members of one body. 26 “In your anger do not sin”: Do not let the sun go down while you are still angry,  27 and do not give the devil a foothold. 28 Anyone who has been stealing must steal no longer, but must work, doing something useful with their own hands, that they may have something to share with those in need.

29 Do not let any unwholesome talk come out of your mouths, but only what is helpful for building others up according to their needs, that it may benefit those who listen.  30 And do not grieve the Holy ἅγιον Spirit of God, with whom you were sealed for the day of redemption. 31 Get rid of all bitterness, rage and anger, brawling and slander, along with every form of malice. 32 Be kind and compassionate to one another, forgiving each other, just as in Christ God forgave you.

5:1 Follow God’s example, therefore, as dearly loved children 2 and walk in the way of love, just as Christ loved us and gave himself up for us as a fragrant offering and sacrifice to God.

5:3 But among you there must not be even a hint of sexual immorality, or of any kind of impurity, or of greed, because these are improper for God’s holy people ἁγίοις.  4 Nor should there be obscenity, foolish talk or coarse joking, which are out of place, but rather thanksgiving. 5 For of this you can be sure: No immoral, impure or greedy person—such a person is an idolater—has any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God. 6 Let no one deceive you with empty words, for because of such things God’s wrath comes on those who are disobedient. 7 Therefore do not be partners with them. 

Let’s take a look at Paul’s set-up.  He has just spoken about the “gifts” that Jesus gave to the his people and how those gifts equip the holy ones for the work of services/ministries.  He also spoke on how unity comes about by every member of the body exercising their God-given gift.  Now, Paul “solemnly insists” (μαρτύρομαι) upon what the Ephesians in the Lord should NOT do.  

First of all, they should not live like they used to live--as the Gentiles are currently living.  He says that the Gentiles περιπατεῖ ἐν ματαιότητι τοῦ νοὸς αὐτῶν (walk in the purposelessness of their mind/understanding/thought (my translation). ματαιότης is defined by BDAG as “state of being without use or value”.  After this, Paul goes into what the Gentiles were doing at the time.

This brings us to 4:20-24 with verse 24 in the forefront.  Let’s take a look at it as it includes our new Greek word ὁσιότης.

24 καὶ ἐνδύσασθαι τὸν καινὸν ἄνθρωπον τὸν κατὰ θεὸν κτισθέντα ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ ὁσιότητι τῆς ἀληθείας. 

24 and to put on the new person, which is according to (in conformity with/for the purpose of) God, created in true righteousness and devoutness ὁσιότητι. (my translation)

So, the first question would be “why have you translated this differently?”  The simple answer is because I’m not quite sure that the NIV11 translation captures the entire idea of what Paul is saying here.  “The new man/person” is indeed created like God because it is God who gives his Spirit to be in that person.  But christians are also slaves to God and we must do what he commands us to as we BELONG to him.  This is a common theme throughout Paul letters and he applies this to himself and to his fellow christians.  

What is important to grasp here is that Paul places in contrast what the pagan gentiles do as opposed to what God’s people (holy ones) are suppose to do.  Remember, throughout this study, the evidence is that people can’t make themselves “holy”, they can only hinder the Holy Spirit in the refining process.  Here, Paul is referring to the righteous acts and devoutness that God’s people are to have to Him.

Paul then moves into a huge list of “do nots”.  Let’s take a closer look at 4:29-32.

29 Do not let any unwholesome talk come out of your mouths, but only what is helpful for building others up according to their needs, that it may benefit those who listen.  30 And do not grieve the Holy ἅγιον Spirit of God, with whom you were sealed for the day of redemption. 31 Get rid of all bitterness, rage and anger, brawling and slander, along with every form of malice. 32 Be kind and compassionate to one another, forgiving each other, just as in Christ God forgave you.

Grieving the Holy Spirit.  Who would have thought that something like this could happen?  To properly understand this, we must take a look at how λυπέω (to grieve) is defined.  BDAG defines it in a few ways: to grieve/to offend/to insult/to distress.  In this passage, Paul probably mean to cause grieve to the Holy Spirit by insulting the Holy Spirit.  Think about it.  If a “holy one” is talking in such a way as Paul describes it in verses 29-32, would that not insult the Holy Spirit who is suppose to dwell in a person?  Why would the Holy Spirit be grieved and insulted?  It’s because doing such as these things are NOT righteous acts.  How can the Holy Spirit refine a person if the person is doing these things?  How does doing such things “build up the congregation”?  This is the greatest fallacy among Christians today.  We can’t get along!  We slander each other!  We call each other heretics!  We belittle each other!  How can the Holy Spirit stay in such a person?  And we are all guilty!  God help us!

-------

Paul ends this whole passage with a summary statement in 5:5.

5 For of this you can be sure: No immoral, impure or greedy person—such a person is an idolater—has any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God.

As has been discussed throughout the holiness study, most of the “don’ts” have been rooted in either Judaism or paganism.  Here, Paul equates behavior with worshipping lifeless gods.  When we do such things that Paul describes in this whole passage, we put ourselves in the place of our ancestors' pagan past.  Therefore, we are no longer slaves to God, but slaves to paganism.  

Ephesians 5:25 Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her 26 to make her holy ἁγιάσῃ, cleansing her by the washing with water through the word,  27 and to present her to himself as a radiant church, without stain or wrinkle or any other blemish, but holy ἁγία and blameless.

What Paul starts as a basis of how husbands should treat their wives reveals just how true holiness came about.  It is Jesus’ act of self-sacrifice that makes the Lord’s people holy.  In this statement, Paul has brought us full circle from his opening passages of this letter.  We now see Paul’s theology on what he wrote in verses 1:4-6.  

This, as in Paul’s very first letter to the Thessalonians, sums it up nicely.

1 Thessalonians 5:23 May God himself, the God of peace, sanctify you through and through. May your whole spirit, soul and body be kept blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. 24 The one who calls you is faithful, and he will do it.

Final Thoughts:

It seems that Gentiles mostly made up the Assembly in Ephesus.  This letter is to them as an encouragement to keep up the fight.  It is an encouragement to us as well.  It keeps us focused on what we should be doing and what we shouldn't be doing.  Being devoted to God is a serious matter.  Straying off always leads to our ancestors pagan past, which leads to breaking God's 1st law: You will have no other gods instead of me. 

Exploring Holiness--Galatians

Analysis

The Greek words used in Galatians and Ephesians in which we will be studying are as follows:

ἅγιος: 1. as adjective pertaining to being dedicated or consecrated to the service of God

1. in the cultic sense dedicated to God, holy, sacred, i.e. reserved for God and God’s service:

ἁγιασμός: personal dedication to the interests of the deity, holiness, consecration, sanctification. Kittle: sanctifying, i.e. a process.

ἁγιωσύνη: Holiness.  Kittle: “This rare word, formed from the adjective ἅγιος by extension of the o to ω after a short syllable as an abstract term of quality, in the same way as δικαιοσύνη is formed from δίκαιος, is not found in pre-biblical Greek.  It means ‘sanctification’ or ‘holiness’ rather than ‘sanctifying’, but as a quality rather than a state.”

ἁγιάζω: 1.  set aside something or make it suitable for ritual purposes, consecrate, dedicate of things.  2. include a person in the inner circle of what is holy, in both cultic and moral associations of the word, consecrate, dedicate, sanctify.  3. to treat as holy, reverence.  4. to eliminate that which is incompatible with holiness, purify

Inferred Holiness Passages

The most surprising thing about Paul’s letter to the Galatians is that not one of our words appear in his letter!  The letter represents Paul’s argument that a christian can’t complete his/her salvation by performing the works of the Jewish law.  Holiness is inferred throughout the letter.  We will look at a few of the passages.

Galatians 1:6 I am astonished that you are so quickly deserting the one who called you to live in the grace of Christ and are turning to a different gospel—  7 which is really no gospel at all. Evidently some people are throwing you into confusion and are trying to pervert the gospel of Christ.  8 But even if we or an angel from heaven should preach a gospel other than the one we preached to you, let them be under God’s curse! 9 As we have already said, so now I say again: If anybody is preaching to you a gospel other than what you accepted, let them be under God’s curse! 

10 Am I now trying to win the approval of human beings, or of God? Or am I trying to please people? If I were still trying to please people, I would not be a servant (slave) of Christ. 

We will find out later that these people were from the church in Jerusalem and they were telling the Galatians that they had to start observing the Jewish law.  Paul calls this “a different, perverted gospel” and the ones who teach such a thing should be accursed and it doesn’t matter who it comes from!

Galatians 3:1 You foolish Galatians! Who has bewitched you? Before your very eyes Jesus Christ was clearly portrayed as crucified. 2 I would like to learn just one thing from you: Did you receive the Spirit by the works of the law, or by believing what you heard? 3 Are you so foolish? After beginning by means of the Spirit, are you now trying to finish by means of the flesh? 4 Have you experienced so much in vain—if it really was in vain?  5 So again I ask, does God give you his Spirit and work miracles among you by the works of the law, or by your believing what you heard?

One of my favorite Pauline expressions is Ὦ ἀνόητοι Γαλάται (O foolish Galatians), but what we call foolish here really means “unintelligent” or even “dull-witted” as the word is derived from νοῦς (the mind/intellect/understanding).  With the alpha in front of the word, we get the opposite of “the mind/intellect/understanding”.  I hate to say this, but this expression fits many Christians today!  Why would anyone think that by “doing things”, they can complete salvation?  Of course, one must obey what God has given us to obey, but the contrasts between observing the Jewish law and living in the Spirit can’t be overlooked!  The Galatians received the Spirit by what they heard, and not by performing the Jewish law.  Paul’s point is that no one can complete their own salvation by doing “stuff”.  We can only do what we first did when we received the Spirit, that is to walk in the Spirit.  The argument here is that the Galatians didn’t receive the Spirit by performing the law, so why would they think that performing the law now affects their salvation in any way?

Galatians 3:10 For all who rely on the works of the law are under a curse, as it is written: “Cursed is everyone who does not continue to do everything written in the Book of the Law.” 11 Clearly no one who relies on the law is justified before God, because “the righteous will live by faith.” 12 The law is not based on faith; on the contrary, it says, “The person who does these things will live by them.”  13 Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us, for it is written: “Cursed is everyone who is hung on a pole.”

In this passage, Paul quotes four OT passages.  The first one is from Deut. 27:26.  The second one is from Hab. 2:4.  The third one is from Lev. 18:5.  The last one is from Deut. 21:23.

Paul’s point is that no one under the law could keep the law.  Therefore, the ones who try to keep the law are under a curse because they couldn’t keep it.  This goes back to the teaching in Romans chapter 7 where the sinful nature of people turned God’s holy law into a curse.  The law enticed people to sin.  In other words, when Paul heard the law say “don’t covet”, he then started “coveting everything”!  The only way out of this was the ultimate sacrifice, Jesus, who because a curse for us so that we could be redeemed from the curse.  Trying to keep the law only leads to death because no one can keep it fully.

Galatians 4:8 Formerly, when you did not know God, you were slaves to those who by nature are not gods. 9 But now that you know God—or rather are known by God—how is it that you are turning back to those weak and miserable forces? Do you wish to be enslaved by them all over again? 10 You are observing special days and months and seasons and years! 11 I fear for you, that somehow I have wasted my efforts on you.

This precedes Paul’s allegory on the “free woman” and the “slave woman” where Sarah represents the “Christians not under the law”, or “the Jerusalem above” who is free from the “law”, who had Isaac by way of God’s promise.  Hagar represents “Jews under the law”, or the “Jerusalem now”, who gave birth Abraham’s son Ismael, who was not by the promise.  This is important to understand in order to understand Paul’s “set-up” here.

Paul refers to the Galatians’ pagan past and how they were “slaves” in that life-style to idols that were not really gods at all.  Now that they know the one true God, Paul wants to know why they would want to go back to being slaves under the same “weak and miserable forces”, thus being slaves again to something much like the paganism which they came out of.   As indicated in the holiness studies in Romans and 2 Corinthians, Paul places Judaism in the same boat as paganism.  Here it is the same.  The Galatians are so embedded into Judaism that they had started keeping the Jewish calendar which makes me wonder why some of us hold to that tradition.

Galatians 4:12 I plead with you, brothers and sisters, become like me, for I became like you. You did me no wrong.  13 As you know, it was because of an illness that I first preached the gospel to you,  14 and even though my illness was a trial to you, you did not treat me with contempt or scorn. Instead, you welcomed me as if I were an angel of God, as if I were Christ Jesus himself. 15 Where, then, is your blessing of me now? I can testify that, if you could have done so, you would have torn out your eyes and given them to me.  16 Have I now become your enemy by telling you the truth?

When Paul first came to the people in Galatia, he had some type of illness, possibly in his eyes.  The Galatians looked past this and completely accepted Paul in spite of his illness.  But now, the Galatians are doing something quite different.  They have let their “flawed theology” stand in the way of how they should treat Paul.  And yes, “flawed theology” is appropriate here.  The Galatians have become so convinced that the law will complete their salvation that they are now opposing Paul!  When they first were “living by the Spirit”, the Galatians loved Paul for who he was, but now while “living by the law”, they see Paul as the enemy!  This really hits home that a little perversion can turn people so quickly.

Galatians 5:13 You, my brothers and sisters, were called to be free. But do not use your freedom to indulge the flesh; rather, serve one another humbly in love.  14 For the entire law is fulfilled in keeping this one command: “Love your neighbor as yourself.” 15 If you bite and devour each other, watch out or you will be destroyed by each other. 

16 So I say, walk by the Spirit, and you will not gratify the desires of the flesh. 17 For the flesh desires what is contrary to the Spirit, and the Spirit what is contrary to the flesh. They are in conflict with each other, so that you are not to do whatever you want. 18 But if you are led by the Spirit, you are not under the law.

19 The acts of the flesh are obvious: sexual immorality, impurity and debauchery; 20 idolatry and witchcraft; hatred, discord, jealousy, fits of rage, selfish ambition, dissensions, factions 21 and envy; drunkenness, orgies, and the like. I warn you, as I did before, that those who live like this will not inherit the kingdom of God.

22 But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, forbearance, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, 23 gentleness and self-control. Against such things there is no law.  24 Those who belong to Christ Jesus have crucified the flesh with its passions and desires.  25 Since we live by the Spirit, let us keep in step with the Spirit. 26 Let us not become conceited, provoking and envying each other. 

As was stated in the 2 Corinthians Study, we can’t make ourselves holy, but we can stand in the way of the Holy Spirit’s refining work in us.  Paul warns the Galatians that their freedom from the law doesn’t give them the freedom to do whatever they want to.  He goes through a long lists of “do nots” that represent their pagan past.  He makes it very plain that people who do such things, can’t inherit the kingdom of God.

Life in the Spirit, on the other hand, produces fruit in a person.  The passions and desires of the past have been crucified with Jesus.  Paul then reminds the Galatians that they shouldn’t be conceited or as BDAG defines κενόδοξος: “pertaining to having exaggerated self-conceptions, conceited, boastful”.  When my wife was growing up, the young people had coined a phrase for such people.  They would say “that girl thinks herself yeah!”  The same is true today.  God is the one at work in us and deserves all of the glory for it.  We are only his tools in the kingdom.

Galatians 6:1 Brothers and sisters, if someone is caught in a sin, you who live by the Spirit should restore that person gently. But watch yourselves, or you also may be tempted.  2 Carry each other’s burdens, and in this way you will fulfill the law of Christ. 3 If anyone thinks they are something when they are not, they deceive themselves. 4 Each one should test their own actions. Then they can take pride in themselves alone, without comparing themselves to someone else, 5 for each one should carry their own load. 6 Nevertheless, the one who receives instruction in the word should share all good things with their instructor.

The final passage that we will look at is found in Chapter 6.  Paul now shows the biggest difference between the Jewish law and the Christ’s law.  To put this perspective, one must compare what Paul says here about what to do if someone is caught in sin to what would have happened if they were caught in sin under the Jewish law.  Let’s just look at one:

Leviticus 20:10 “ ‘If a man commits adultery with another man’s wife—with the wife of his neighbor—both the adulterer and the adulteress are to be put to death.’ ”

What should be obvious from 6:1, is that Christians who live in the Spirit should not treat people caught in sin the same way that the Jewish law did.  Where under the law, an adulterer was killed, under Christ’s law, one is corrected and restored “gently”.  That is, don’t outcasts the ones who have sinned, but help them to overcome it and to get back on the right track.  All people can fall under temptation, so help the ones caught in sin as you would want to be helped if you were to fall to temptation!

A theme throughout Paul’s letters is to “put other peoples’ interest above your own interests”.  That is to help the ones around you and don’t think that you are “the man”.  By doing so, you are only fooling yourself.  In other words, those things that you do can’t lead you to salvation, nor should they be compared to what others do.  Remember, we are all part of the body of Christ and every part is of equal value in the Kingdom (Romans 12; 1 Corinthians 12).  You are responsible for that God has given you to exercise it.  This is your “load” in the kingdom.  If what God has given you helps someone in the kingdom, it’s ok for you to be proud of what God is doing through you, but you are just one cog in the wheel of the body.

Final Thoughts

So what resembles the Jewish law today?  There are many things that christians do today that resemble that Old Covenant Law.  Probably the greatest one is how we treat fellow christians who have been caught in sin.  Although we will not physically put them to death, we are guilty at time of putting them to death spiritually.  The body of Christ is to encourage, not destroy.

Exploring Holiness--2 Corinthians

Analysis

The Greek words used in 2 Corinthians in which we will be studying are as follows:

ἅγιος: 1. as adjective pertaining to being dedicated or consecrated to the service of God

1. in the cultic sense dedicated to God, holy, sacred, i.e. reserved for God and God’s service:

ἁγιασμός: personal dedication to the interests of the deity, holiness, consecration, sanctification. Kittle: sanctifying, i.e. a process.

ἁγιωσύνη: Holiness.  Kittle: “This rare word, formed from the adjective ἅγιος by extension of the o to ω after a short syllable as an abstract term of quality, in the same way as δικαιοσύνη is formed from δίκαιος, is not found in pre-biblical Greek.  It means ‘sanctification’ or ‘holiness’ rather than ‘sanctifying’, but as a quality rather than a state.”

ἁγιάζω: 1.  set aside something or make it suitable for ritual purposes, consecrate, dedicate of things.  2. include a person in the inner circle of what is holy, in both cultic and moral associations of the word, consecrate, dedicate, sanctify.  3. to treat as holy, reverence.  4. to eliminate that which is incompatible with holiness, purify

Passages where Paul calls the Corinthians “holy ones”.

2Corinthians 1:1 Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God, and Timothy our brother, To the church of God in Corinth, together with all his holy people ἁγίοις throughout Achaia:

2Corinthians 8:4 they urgently pleaded with us for the privilege of sharing in this service to the Lord’s people ἁγίους.

2Corinthians 9:1 There is no need for me to write to you about this service to the Lord’s people ἁγίους.

2Corinthians 9:12 This service that you perform is not only supplying the needs of the Lord’s people ἁγίων but is also overflowing in many expressions of thanks to God.

Below contains “holy ones” and “holy kiss”.

2Corinthians 13:12 Greet one another with a holy ἁγίῳ kiss. 13 All God’s people ἅγιοι here send their greetings.

Passages on the Holy Spirit:

2Corinthians 6:6 in purity, understanding, patience and kindness; in the Holy ἁγίῳ Spirit and in sincere love;

2Corinthians 13:14 May the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy ἁγίου Spirit be with you all. 

Holiness Passages:

2Corinthians 6:14 Do not be yoked together with unbelievers. For what do righteousness and wickedness have in common? Or what fellowship can light have with darkness? 15 What harmony is there between Christ and Belial? Or what does a believer have in common with an unbeliever? 16 What agreement is there between the temple of God and idols? For we are the temple of the living God. As God has said:

  “I will live with them

and walk among them,

and I will be their God,

and they will be my people.”

17   Therefore,

  “Come out from them

and be separate,

says the Lord.

Touch no unclean thing,

and I will receive you.”

18   And,

  “I will be a Father to you,

and you will be my sons and daughters,

says the Lord Almighty.”

2Corinthians 7:1 Therefore, since we have these promises, dear friends, let us purify ourselves from everything that contaminates body and spirit, perfecting holiness ἁγιωσύνην out of reverence for God.

This is, by far, the most significant “holiness” passage found in 2 Corinthians.  The first thing that must be look at is Paul’s phrase: Μὴ γίνεσθε ἑτεροζυγοῦντες ἀπίστοις (Don’t become unevenly yoked with unbelievers).  First off, Paul’s imagery comes from the OT Law (Lev. 19:19 and Deut. 22:10).  The OT imagery contains both the aspect of two different species connected together by a yoke in order to plow a field.  Of course, proper work can’t be accomplished if the species are different.  One may be stronger than the other, thus one pulls the other off track.  On may not be as disciplined the other animal, thus resulting in no work being done.  The imagery from Lev. 19:19 in the cross breeding of different animals would probably interfere with the cross-breed having the ability to work properly.  Whatever the reason for Paul’s statement, it is clear that believers should not be yoked together with unbelievers.  Of course, we must define “unbelievers” in this context which Paul does for us in verse 16.  Paul is dealing with paganism as he had to deal with it in his 1 Corinthians’ letter.

Paul starts contrasting between believers and pagans with with his rhetorical questions that goes down to verse 16.  What should be obvious is that Paul means that there is no way for believers and pagans to have anything in common.

For what do righteousness and wickedness (ἀνομίᾳ:lawlessness) have in common? 

Or what fellowship can light have with darkness? 

What harmony (συμφώνησις:shared interests) is there between Christ and Belial? 

Or what does a believer have in common with an unbeliever? 

What agreement is there between the temple of God and idols?

We found out in 1 Corinthians that the Corinthians (and we) are the “temple of God/Holy Spirit” (1 Corinthians 3:16; 6:19).  There are a couple of Greek words that are translated as “temple”.  1.ἱερόν and 2. ναός.  Much of the time, the ναός was the actual room that a deity would set in the Greco-Roman world.  Therefore the ναός was the sanctuary or shrine of the god.  If we place ναός in the Jewish/Christian sense, then ἱερόν would represent the whole temple complex while the ναός would be the “holy of holies”, the actual place where God dwells.  This is what’s inferred in Paul’s use of “the temple of God”.

Paul then quotes “promises” from Lev. 26:12; Jer. 32:38; Ezek. 37:27 (quote 1), Isaiah 52:11; Ezek. 20:34, 41 (quote 2), and Ex 4:22; 2Sa 7:14; 1Ch 17:13; Isa 43:6 (quote 3).

After the setup, Paul now moves into our verse 7:1.  What should be obvious from the holiness study on 1 Corinthians, is that some of the Corinthians had flawed theology.  They thought that since they “lived in the Spirit”, they could do whatever they wanted with their bodies.  This “flaw” not only affected their “body” in becoming a defiled temple in which the Holy Spirit couldn’t stay in (implied in the text), it also shows just how much their “spiritual” life was affected.  With that in mind, Paul is reminding the Corinthians that being involved with paganism in any way, shape, or form is wrong.

The Corinthian believers were to cleanse themselves of being influenced by pagans who worshiped idols.  For if they didn’t, they would defile both their σαρκὸς καὶ πνεύματος (flesh/body and spirit), the outside and the inside.  Looking back to 1 Corinthians, it was the Corinthians theology that was flawed.  It was flawed by their flirting again with paganism and all of the evil associated with it.  The Corinthians “wanted” to participate in some of the paganism, so they changed their mind as to what it meant to be “defiled”.  

12 “I have the right to do anything,” you say—but not everything is beneficial. “I have the right to do anything”—but I will not be mastered by anything.  13 You say, “Food for the stomach and the stomach for food, and God will destroy them both.” 1 Corinthians 6: 12-13

By going back to paganism, they were not only defiling their bodies, which houses the Holy Spirit, they were defiling their inner being; their spiritual being.  The Holy Spirit can’t stay in a defiled house.  So, the more the Holy Spirit is away, the less He can refine one’s inner spirit.

That gets us to our final phrase in verse 1, ἐπιτελοῦντες ἁγιωσύνην ἐν φόβῳ θεοῦ (perfecting/completing holiness in the fear/reverence of God).  As we learned in the holiness study in Romans (1:1-7), ἁγιωσύνη is the “quality” of holiness.  Paul sets this in contrast to Jesus’ early life with his now being appointed “the son of God in power through the Spirit of Holiness ἁγιωσύνης” when he was raised from the dead.  It was the pure quality of this holiness that raised Jesus from the dead.  In the same way, we will be raised by the same Spirit.

It has been well established up unto this point that the Holy Spirit is the only one who can make a person holy.  God calls, God chooses, and God fills.  God also refines, renews, and encourages.  It is a process, but in the end, God will obtain in us that “quality” of holiness that was instrumental in raising Jesus from the dead.  He will do the same for us if we follow his commands to keep away from defiling ourselves both bodily and spiritually; both outside and inside.  Only we can stand in the way.  If we continue to sin, we try to find justification as to why we do it.  We create our own “theology” around why it is ok to do so.  But, all of the flawed theology in the world can’t deliver a person from God’s wrath.  Only God can do that.  If we continue in sin, we only end up being those people that God separated us from when we were called and chosen, thus losing our inheritance. 

Inferred Holiness Passages?

In Chapter 3, Paul reflects on Israel and they’re being “veiled” from the truth of Jesus Christ.  Paul says that when people come to the Lord, the veil is removed.  This leads to Paul’s most famous passage in verse 17.

17 ὁ δὲ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμά ἐστιν· οὗ δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα κυρίου, ἐλευθερία

17 Now the Lord is the Spirit, and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is freedom. (my translation)

We learned from our Study in Romans that Paul places the Jewish law in the same place as he puts paganism.  (From the Study in Romans) “Jews were “slaves to sin” because of their sinful nature and how they couldn’t keep the Jewish law.  Gentiles were “slaves to sin” because of their past paganism in which Paul goes into detail about in Romans 1:18 - 2:16.  Starting in 2:17 and continuing to 3:20, Paul shows how the Jews also are like pagans in their sin as they can’t keep the Jewish law.  In the OT, “to be holy as God is holy” was to not be like Israel’s pagan neighbors.  But, as seen in the OT, Israel couldn’t keep the Law.”

Freedom from the law which produces death was instrumental in Jewish Christians’ “life in the Spirit”.  To go back to Judaism, was to return to the very sin that people caused by trying to perform the Jewish law.

In Chapters 8 and 9, Paul urges the Corinthians to give an offering for the Church in Jerusalem because they were in much need.  We learned in Romans 12 that one becomes a “living sacrifice, holy and pleasing to God” by exercising their God-given grace-gifts (χαρίσματα).  One of those grace-gifts was giving.  ὁ μεταδιδοὺς ἐν ἁπλότητι (“if” one gives, then give generously [my translation]).

In Chapters 10, 11, and 12, Paul goes into satire to show the Corinthians that the “super-apostles” who had come and bragged that they were superior to Paul were nothing more than foolish people.  In Chapter 12, Paul goes on to describe a man he knows that was carried up into paradise and heard such things that couldn’t be told.  Paul says that he would brag about a person like that, but only thing that he would brag about himself was his weaknesses.  Of course this leads to Jesus’ famous saying to Paul in verse 9: Ἀρκεῖ σοι ἡ χάρις μου, ἡ γὰρ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται (My grace is sufficient/enough for you, for power is made complete in weakness.[my translation])  It should be stated that although we have to translate "sufficient" as an adjective, in Greek, it is a verb, so therefore, it is action!  The verb is also at the beginning of the sentence which makes it the most important part!  And what is God’s grace?  It is his favor on us.  It is through his grace that we have received his Spirit.  It is the gifts we have.  It is the callings we have.  This is enough!  We should be thankful for this and this alone!

Final Thoughts:

Paul ends the letter in 13:13 with this: 

13 Ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ ἡ κοινωνία τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν.

1Corinthians 13:13 May the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all. 

Paul wraps up the letter with a recap that the Corinthians would remember.  The main point on “Grace” is from Chapter 12.  “God’s love” may reach back to 1 Corinthians 12 as Paul does talk about that letter in this current letter.  Finally, “the fellowship of the Holy Spirit” is the most important of the recaps as it looks back to 6:14 to 7:1.  The “quality” of the holiness that the Spirit has is the “quality” that we will reach one day if we follow the Lord’s commands.  If we refuse, then we defile ourselves and put that fellowship with the Holy Spirit in jeopardy.  It is the Spirit that makes us holy.  Without him, we can never obtain our inheritance.